Femur

These articles have been recommended as excellent sources of educational information. The permission of each varies.

DISTAL FEMUR FRACTURES

• Biomechanical Evaluation of the Less Invasive Stabilization System, Angled Blade Plate, and Retrograde Intramedullary Nail for the Internal Fixation of Distal Femur Fractures  Author: Michael Zlowodzki, MD,* Scott Williamson, BS,† Peter A. Cole, MD,* Lyle D. Zardiackas, PhD,& Philip J. Kregor Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 18, No. 8, Sept 2004

• The Results of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Distal Femur Fractures Using a Biologic (Indirect) Reduction Technique  Author: Bolhofner, Brett R.*; Carmen, Barbara; Clifford, Philip† Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 10, No. 6, Aug 1996, pp 372-377

• Operative Treatment of Acute Distal Femur Fractures: Systematic Review of 2 Comparative Studies and 45 Case Series (1989 to 2005)  Author: Michael Zlowodzki, MD, Mohit Bhandari, MD, MSc, Daniel J. Marek, MD, Peter A. Cole, MD, and Philip J. Kregor, MD Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 20, No. 5, May 2006

• Treatment of Distal Femur Fractures Using the Less Invasive Stabilization System  Author: Philip J. Kregor, MD,* James A. Stannard, MD,† Michael Zlowodzki, MD,‡ and Peter A. Cole, MD‡  Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 18, No. 8, Sept 2004

• Risk Factors for Failure of Locked Plate Fixation of Distal Femur Fractures: An Analysis of 335 Cases.  Author: Ricci WM, Streubel PN, Morshed S, Collinge CA, Nork, SE, Gardner M.   J Orthop Trauma. 2014;28(2):83-89.

• Intraarticular fractures of the distal femur: a long-term follow-up study of surgically treated patients. Author: Rademakers MV, Kerkhoffs GM, Sierevelt IN, et al. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Apr;18(4):213-9.
   
• Management of distal femur fractures with modern plates and nails: state of the art. Author: Beltran MJ, Gary JL, Collinge CA. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Apr;29(4):165-72.
   
• Coronal plane partial articular fractures of the distal femoral condyle: current concepts in management. Author: Arastu MH, Kokke MC, Duffy PJ, et al. Bone Joint J. 2013 Sep;95-B(9):1165-71.
   
• Systematic Review of the Treatment of Periprosthetic Distal Femur Fractures.  Author: Ristevski B, Nauth A, Williams DS, et al.  J Orthop Trauma;28(5):307-312.

FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES

• Mortality After Reamed Intramedullary Nailing of Bilateral Femur Fractures  Author: Sean E. Nork, MD*, Julie Agel, MA*, George V. Russell, MD**, William J. Mills, MD*, Sarah Holt, MPH*, and M.L. Chip Routt, Jr., MD* Journal: CORR Volume: No. 415, Oct 2003, pp 272–278.

• Fat Embolism: the Reaming Controversy Author: Peter V Giannoudis, Christopher Tzioupis, Hans-Christoph Pape Journal: INJURY Volume: Vol. 37 Supp, pp S50-S58, 2006.

• Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Pneumonia, and Mortality following Thoracic Injury and a Femoral Fracture Treated Either with Intramedullary Nailing with Reaming or with a Plate: A Comparative Study Author: Michael J. Bosse, Ellen J. Mackenzie, Barry L. Riemer, Robert J. Brumback, Melissa L. McCarthy, Andrew R. Burgess, David R. Gens and Yutaka Yasui Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 79-A, No. 6, June 1997, pp 799-809

• Early versus Delayed Stabilization of Femoral Fractures: A Prospective Randomized Study Author: Lawrence B. Bone, MD; Kenneth D. Johnson, MD; John Weigelt, MD;and Robert Scheinberg, MD Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 71A pp 336–340, 1989

• Reamed Versus Unreamed Intramedullary Nailing of the Femur: Comparison of the Rate of ARDS in Multiple Injured Patients  Author: The Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 20, No. 6, July 2006
   
• Impact of Intramedullary Instrumentation versus Damage Control for Femoral Fractures on Immunoinflammatory Parameters: Prospective Randomized Analysis by the EPOFF Study Group Author: Hans-Cristoph Pape, MD, K. Grimme, Martin van Griensven, PhD, A. H. Sott, MD, P. Giannoudis, MD, J. Morley, MD, Olav Roise, MD, Elisabeth Ellingsen, MD, Frank Hildebrand, MD, B. Wiese, MD, and Christian Krettek, MD Journal: TRAUMA Volume: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp 7-13
   
• Femur shaft fracture fixation in head-injured patients: when is the right time? Author: Flierl MA, Stoneback JW, Beauchamp KM, et al. J Orthop Trauma. 2010 Feb;24(2):107-14.
   
• Closed Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Fractures: A Report of Five Hundred and Twenty Cases.  Author: Winquist RA, Hansen ST Jr, Clawson DK. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66(4):529-39.
   
• Immediate Weight-Bearing After Treatment of a Comminuted Fracture of the Femoral Shaft with a Statically Locked Intramedullary Nail  Author: Robert J. Brumback, Thomas R. Toal, M. Siobhan Murphy-Zane, Vincent P. Novak & Stephen M. Belkoff Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 81, pp 1538-44, 1999
   
• Femoral torsion after interlocked nailing of unstable femoral fractures. Author: Tornetta P 3rd, Ritz G, Kantor A. J Trauma. 1995 Feb;38(2):213-9.
   
• Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Part I: Decision-making Errors with Interlocking Fixation.  Author: Brumback RJ, Reilly JP, Poka A, Lakatos RP, Bathon GH, Burgess AR.   J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Dec; 70(10):1441-52. 
   
• Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. Part II: Fracture-healing with static interlocking fixation. Author: Brumback RJ, Uwagie-Ero S, Lakatos RP, et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Dec;70(10):1453-62.
   
• Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Part III: Long-term Effects of Static Interlocking Fixation.  Author: Brumback RJ, Ellison TS, Poka A, Bathon GH, Burgess AR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992 Jan;74(1):106-12.

• Conversion of External Fixation to Intramedullary Nailing for Fractures of the Shaft of the Femur in Multiply Injured Patients. Author: Nowotarski PJ, Turen CH, Brumback RJ, Scarboro JM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(6):781-8.
   
• Diagnosis of femoral neck fractures in patients with a femoral shaft fracture. Improvement with a standard protocol.  Author: Tornetta P 3rd, Kain MS, Creevy WR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jan;89(1):39-43.
   
• Trochanteric Versus Piriformis Entry Portal for the Treatment of Femoral Shaft Fractures.  Author: Ricci WM, Schwappach J, Tucker M, et al. J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20(10):663-7.
   
• Functional Outcome Following Intramedullary Nailing of the Femur: A Prospective Randomized Comparison of Piriformis Fossa and Greater Trochanteric Entry Portals. Author: Stannard JP, Bankston L, Futch LA, McGwin G, Volgas DA.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Aug 3;93(15):1385-91.
   
• Retrograde Versus Antegrade Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures Author: William M. Ricci, *Carlo Bellabarba, Bradley Evanoff, Dolfi Herscovici, Thomas DiPasquale, and Roy Sanders Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 15, No. 3, 2001, pp 161–169
• Antegrade or Retrograde Reamed Femoral Nailing: a Prospective, Randomised Trial  Author: Tornetta, P III; Tiburzi, D Journal: JBJS(Br) Volume: Vol. 82-B, No. 5, July 2000, pp 652-654.

• Prospective Comparison of Retrograde and Antegrade Femoral Intramedullary Nailing  Author: Ostrum, Robert F.; Agarwal, Animesh; Lakatos, Ronald; Poka, Attila Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 14, No. 7, Sept/Oct 2000, pp 496-501

• Surgical Treatment Improves Clinical and Functional Outcomes for Patients Who Sustain Incomplete Bisphosphonate-Related Femur Fractures.  Author: Egol KA, Park JH, Prensky C, Rosenberg ZS, Peck V, Tejwani, NC. J Orthop Trauma. 2013;27(6):331-335.

• Bisphosphonate-Associated Fractures of the Femur: Pathophysiology and Treatment.   Author: Einhorn TA, Bogdan Y, Tornetta P III.    J Orthop Trauma. 2014;28(7):433-438.

• Nonisthmal Femoral Shaft Nonunion as a Risk Factor for Exchange Nailing Failure.  Author: Yang KH, Kim JR, Park J.  J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Feb;72(2):E60-4.

HIP FRACTURES (FEMORAL NECK)

• Anatomy of the Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery and its Surgical Implications [Hip] Author: Gautier, Emanuel; Ganz, Katharine; Krügel, Nathalie; Gill, Thomas; Ganz, Reinhold Journal: JBJS(Br) Volume: Vol. 82-B, No. 5, July 2000, pp 679-683
   
• Pauwels’ Classification of Femoral Neck Fractures: Correct Interpretation of the Original    Author: Jan Bartonícek Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp 358–360.
   
• Arthroplasties (With and Without Bone Cement) for Proximal Femoral Fractures in Adults (Review)  Author: Parker MJ, Gurusamy K Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jun 16;(6):CD001706.
   
• The Impact of the Garden Classification on Proposed Operative Treatment  Author: Daniel A. Oakes, MD*; Kent R. Jackson, MD*; Mark R. Davies, MD*; Kevin M. Ehrhart, MD**; Gary L. Zohman, MD†; Kenneth J. Koval, MD‡; and Jay R. Lieberman, MD* Journal: CORR Volume: No. 409, pp 232–240, 2003
   
• A new measurement for posterior tilt predicts reoperation in undisplaced femoral neck fractures: 113 consecutive patients treated by internal fixation and followed for 1 year. Author: Palm H, Gosvig K, Krasheninnikoff M, et al. Acta Orthop. 2009 Jun;80(3):303-7.
   
• Intracapsular Fractures of the Hip Author: MF Swiontkowski Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 76-A, No. 1, Jan 1994, pp 129-138
• Randomized Comparison of Reduction and Fixation, Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty, and Total Hip Arthroplasty Author: J.F. Keating, FRCSED(ORTH), A. Grant, DM, M. Masson, MSC, N.W. Scott, MSC, and J.F. Forbes, PHD Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 88-A, No. 2, Feb 2006
   
• Hemiarthroplasty versus Internal Fixation for Displaced Intracapsular Hip Fractures in the Elderly Author: M. J. Parker, R. J. K. Khan, J. Crawford, G. A. Pryor Journal: JBJS(Br) Volume: Vol. 84-B, No. 8, Nov 2002, pp 1150-1155
   
• Internal Fixation Compared with Arthroplasty for Displaced Fractures of the Femoral Neck; A Meta-analysis.  Author: Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF, Tornetta P 3rd, Obremskey W, Koval KJ, Nork S, Sprague S, Schemitsch EH, Guyatt GH.    J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Sep;85-A(9):1673-81.
   
• Total Hip Arthroplasty and Hemiarthroplasty in Mobile: Independent Patients with a Displaced Intracapsular Fracture of the Femoral Neck Author: R.P. Baker, MRCS, B. Squires, FRCS (TR&Orth), M.F. Gargan, FRCS(Orth), & G.C. Bannister, MD, FRCS ED (Orth) Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 88-A, No. 12, Dec 2006
   
• Internal Fixation versus Hemiarthroplasty for Displaced Fractures of the Femoral Neck in Elderly Patients with Severe Cognitive Impairment Author: R. Blomfeldt, H. Törnkvist, S. Ponzer, A. Söderqvist, J. Tidermark Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 87-B, No. 4, April 2005
   
• Internal Fixation Versus Cemented Hemiarthroplasty for Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures in Patients with Severe Cognitive Dysfunction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Author: Hedbeck CJ, Inngul C, Blomfeldt R, Ponzer S, Tornkvist H, Enocson A. J Orthop Trauma. 2013; 27(12):690-695.
   
• Hemiarthroplasty of the Hip With and Without Cement: A Randomized Clinical Trial.   Author: Taylor F, Wright M, Zhu M.   J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(7):577-583.
   
• More Re-Operations After Uncemented than Cemented Hemiarthroplasty Used in the Treatment of Displaced Fractures of the Femoral Neck: An Observational Study of 11,116 Hemiarthroplasties From a National Register. Author: Gjertsen JE, Lie SA, Vinje T, Engesæter LB, Hallan G, Matre K, Furnes O.  J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Aug;94(8):1113-9.
   
• Open Reduction of Intracapsular Hip Fractures Using a Modified Smith-Petersen Surgical Exposure.   Author: Molnar RB, Routt ML Jr.   J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Aug;21(7):490-4.
   
• Operative Treatment of Femoral Neck Fractures in Patients Between the Ages of Fifteen and Fifty Years.  Author: Haidukewych GJ, Rothwell WS, Jacofsky DJ, Torchia ME, Berry DJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A(8):1711-6.
   
• The Effect of Shortening and Varus Collapse of the Femoral Neck on Function After Fixation of Intracapsular Fracture of the Hip: A Multi-Centre Cohort Study.  Author: Zlowodzki M, Brink O, Switzer J, Wingerter S, Woodall J Jr, Petrisor BA, Kregor PJ, Bruinsma DR, Bhandari M.   J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008 Nov;90(11):1487-94.

• The Value of Washers in Cannulated Screw Fixation of Femoral Neck Fractures.  Author: Zlowodzki M, Weening B, Petrisor B, Bhandari M.  J Trauma. 2005 Oct;59(4):969-75.

• Predictable Healing of Femoral Neck Fractures Treated with Intraoperative Compression and Length-Stable Implants.  Author: Boraiah S, Paul O, Hammoud S, Gardner MJ, Helfet DL, Lorich DG.  J Trauma. 2010 Jul;69(1):142-7.
   

HIP FRACTURES (INTERTROCHANTERIC)

• Hip Fractures: II. Evaluation and Treatment of Intertrochanteric Fractures Author: Kenneth J. Koval, MD, and Joseph D. Zuckerman, MD Journal: JAAOS Volume: Vol. 2, No. 3, June 1994, pp 150-156

• The Value of the Tip-Apex Distance in Predicting Failure of Fixation of Peritrochanteric Fractures of the Hip Author: MR Baumgaertner, SL Curtin, DM Lindskog and JM Keggi Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 77-A, No. 7, July 1995, pp 1058-1064
   
• Intertrochanteric fractures: ten tips to improve results. Author: Haidukewych GJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Mar 1;91(3):712-9.
   
• Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intramedullary Nail Versus Dynamic Screw and Plate for Intertrochanteric Fractures of the Femur  Author: Christopher I. Adams, C. Michael Robinson, Charles M. Court-Brown, and Margaret M. McQueen Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp 394–400. 2001
   
• A comparison of the long gamma nail with the sliding hip screw for the treatment of AO/OTA 31-A2 fractures of the proximal part of the femur: a prospective randomized trial. Author: Barton TM, Gleeson R, Topliss C, et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Apr;92(4):792-8.
   
• Evidence-Based Orthopaedic Trauma: Unstable Pertrochanteric Femoral Fractures Author: Philip J. Kregor, MD,* William T. Obremskey, MD, MPH,* Hans J. Kreder, MD, MPH,† and Marc F. Swiontkowski, MD‡ J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Aug;28 Suppl 8:S25-8.

• Reverse Obliquity Fractures of the Intertrochanteric Region of the Femur.  Author: Haidukewych GJ, Israel TA, Berry DJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A(5):643-650
   
• Treatment of Reverse Oblique and Transverse Intertrochanteric Fractures with Use of an Intramedullary Nail or a 95° Screw-Plate: A Prospective, Randomized Study Author: Christophe Sadowski, MD, Anne Lubbeke, MD, Marc Saudan, MD, Nicolas Riand, MD, Richard Stern, MD, and Pierre Hoffmeyer, MD Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 84-A, No. 3, March 2002
   
• Gamma Nails Revisited: Gamma Nails Versus Compression Hip Screws in the Management of Intertrochanteric Fractures of the Hip: A Meta-Analysis.  Author: Bhandari M, Schemitsch E, Jonsson A, Zlowodzki M, Haidukewych GJ.  J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23(6):460-4.
   
• Hip Fracture Study Group. Integrity of the Lateral Femoral Wall in Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures: An Important Predictor of a Reoperation. Author: Palm H, Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Gebuhr P; J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(3):470-5.
   
• Lateral femoral wall thickness. A reliable predictor of post-operative lateral wall fracture in intertrochanteric fractures. Author: Hsu CE, Shih CM, Wang CC, et al. Bone Joint J. 2013 Aug;95-B(8):1134-8.
   
• Does Early Administration of Bisphosphonate Affect Fracture Healing in Patients with Intertrochanteric Fractures?  Author: Kim TY, Ha YC, Kang BJ, Lee YK, Koo KH.  J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Jul; 94(7):956-60.

HIP FRACTURES (SUBTROCHANTERIC)

• Fractures of the Femur Author: Frank Seinsheimer III, M.D.* of Boston, Massachusetts Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 60-A, No. 3, April 1978, pp 300-306

• A Critical Analysis of the Eccentric Starting Point for Trochanteric Intramedullary Femoral Nailing. Author: Robert F. Ostrum, MD, Andrew Marcantonio, DO, & Robert Marburger, RN Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 19, No. 10, Nov/Dec 2005, pp 681-686.

• Biologic Plating Versus Intramedullary Nailing for Comminuted Subtrochanteric Fractures in Young Adults: A Prospective, Randomized Study of 66 Cases.  Author: Lee PC, Hsieh PH, Yu SW, et al.  J Trauma. 2007;63(6):1283-91.

• Subtrochanteric Fractures of the Femur. Results of Treatment with the 95 Degrees Condylar Blade-Plate.  Author: Kinast C, Bolhofner BR, Mast JW, Ganz R.   Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989 Jan;(238):122-30.

• Reducing Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures: Tips and Tricks, Do's and Don'ts.  Author: Yoon RS, Donegan DJ, Liporace FA.  J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Apr;29 Suppl 4:S28-33.
   
• Cephalomedullary Nails in the Treatment of High-energy Proximal Femur Fractures in Young Patients: A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Trochanteric Versus Piriformis Fossa Entry Portal  Author: Adam J. Starr, MD, Michael T. Hay, MD, Charles M. Reinert, MD, Drake S. Borer, MD, and Kevin C. Christensen, MD Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 20, No. 4, April 2006
   

HIP FRACTURES (MISC)

• The value of T1-weighted coronal MRI scans in diagnosing occult fracture of the hip. Author: Iwata T, Nozawa S, Dohjima T, et al. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Jul;94(7):969-73.
   
• Accelerated Bone Mineral Loss Following a Hip Fracture: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.  Author: Dirschl DR, Henderson RC, Oakley WC. Bone. 1997 Jul;21(1):79-82.
   
• Zoledronic Acid and Clinical Fractures and Mortality After Hip Fracture. Author: Lyles KW1, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner et al; HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial.   N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1; 357(18):1799-809.
   
• Effect of Early Surgery After Hip Fracture on Mortality and Complications: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.  Author: Simunovic N, Devereaux PJ, Sprague S, Guyatt GH, Schemitsch E, Debeer J, Bhandari M.  CMAJ. 2010 Oct 19; 182(15):1609-16.
   
• Early mortality after hip fracture: is delay before surgery important? Author: Moran CG, Wenn RT, Sikand M, et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Mar;87(3):483-9.
   
• Clinical Practice Guidelines Decrease Unnecessary Echocardiograms Before Hip Fracture Surgery. Author: Adair C, Swart E, Seymour R, et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Apr 19;99(8):676-680.
   
• Reducing Delirium After Hip Fracture Author: Edward R. Marcantonio, MD, SM,*; Jonathan M. Flacker; MD, R. John Wright, MD& Neil M. Resnick, MD* Journal: JAGS Volume: Vol. 49, No. 5, May 2001
   
• Hip Fractures in the Elderly: Predictors of One Year Mortality. Author: Aharonoff GB, Koval KJ, Skovron ML, Zuckerman JD.  J Orthop Trauma. 1997;11(3):162-165
   
• Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion in High-Risk Patients After Hip Surgery.  Author: Carson JL, Terrin ML, Noveck H et al; FOCUS Investigators.  N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 29;365(26):2453-62.