Ankle

These articles have been recommended as excellent sources of educational information. The permission of each varies. 

ANKLE FRACTURES (GENERAL)

• Changes in Tibiotalar Area of Contact Caused by Lateral Talar Shift.  Author: Ramsey PL, Hamilton W.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(3):3567.
   
• Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Unstable Lateral Malleolar Fractures: A Randomized Multicenter Trial.  Author: Sanders DW, Tieszer C, Corbett B; and Canadian Orthopedic Trauma Society. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(3):129-134.
   
• Does a Positive Ankle Stress Test Indicate the Need for Operative Treatment After Lateral Malleolus Fracture? A Preliminary Report.    Author: Koval KJ, Egol KA, Cheung Y, Goodwin DW, Spratt KF. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Aug; 21(7):449-55.
   
• Conservative Treatment of Isolated Fractures of the Medial Malleolus. Author: Herscovici D Jr, Scaduto JM, Infante A.     J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007 Jan; 89(1):89-93.
   
• Competence of the deltoid ligament in bimalleolar ankle fractures after medial malleolar fixation.  Author: Tornetta P III. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Jun;82(6):843-8.
   
• Functional Outcome of Surgery for Fractures of the Ankle: A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Management in a Cast or a Functional Brace* Author: Egol, K. A.; Dolan, R.; Koval, K. J. Journal: JBJS(Br) Volume: Vol. 82-B, No. 2, March 2000, pp 246-249 *Permission Granted by JBJS (Br)
   
• Use of a Cast Compared with a Functional Ankle Brace After Operative Treatment of an Ankle Fracture. Author: Hannu Lehtonen , MD etc . Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 85-A, No. 2, Feb 2003, pp 205-21
   
• Functional Outcome and Limitation of Sporting Activities After Bimalleolar and Trimalleolar Ankle Fractures.  Author: Hong CC, Roy SP, Nashi N, Tan KJ.Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Jun; 34(6):805-10.
   
• Compression Stockings in the Management of Fractures of the Ankle: A Randomised Controlled Trial.   Author: Sultan MJ, Zhing T, Morris J, Kurdy N, McCollum CN.
  Bone Joint J. 2014 Aug; 96-B(8):1062-9.
   
• Operative management of ankle fractures in patients with diabetes mellitus.  Author: Costigan W, Thordarson DB, Debnath UK. Foot Ankle Int. 2007 Jan;28(1):32-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17257535
   

ANKLE FRACTURES (SUPINATION-EXTERNAL ROTATION)

• Does Medial Tenderness Predict Deep Deltoid Ligament Incompetence in Supination-External Rotation Type Ankle Fractures?    Author: DeAngelis NA, Eskander MS, French BG.  J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21(4):244-247.
   
• Intraoperative Assessment of the Stability of the Distal Tibiofibular Joint in Supination-External Rotation Injuries of the Ankle: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Reliability of Two Clinical Tests.   Author: Pakarinen H, Flinkkila T, Ohtonen P, et al.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(22):2057-61.
   
• Stress Examination of Supination External Rotation-Type Fibular Fractures.  Author: McConnell T, Creevy W, Tornetta P III. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A(10):2171-2178.
   
• Treatment of the Stress Positive Ligamentous SE4 Ankle Fracture: Incidence of Syndesmotic Injury and Clinical Decision Making.   Author: Tornetta P 3rd, Axelrad TW, Sibai TA, Creevy WR. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Nov; 26(11):659-61.
   
• Twenty-One-Year Follow-up of Supination-External Rotation Type II-IV (OTA type B) Ankle Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study.  Author: Donken CC, Verhofstad MH, Edwards MJ, van Laarhoven CJ. J Orthop Trauma 2012; 26(8):e108-e114. 
   

ANKLE FRACTURES (SUPINATION-ADDUCTION)

• Marginal plafond impaction in association with supination-adduction ankle fractures: a report of eight cases.  Author: McConnell T, Tornetta P 3rd. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 Aug;15(6):447-9.
   

ANKLE FRACTURES (PRONATION-EXTERNAL ROTATION)

• Twenty-Two-Year Follow-up of Pronation-External Rotation Type III-IV (OTA type C) Ankle Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study.  Author: Donken CC, Verhofstad MH, Edwards MJ, van Laarhoven CJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(8):e115-e122.
   

ANKLE FRACTURES (PRONATION-ABDUCTION)

• Extraperiosteal Plating of Pronation-Abduction Ankle Fractures. Surgical Technique. Author: Siegel J, Tornetta P 3rd   J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Mar;90 Suppl 2 Pt 1:135-44.
   

SYNDESMOSIS

• Syndesmotic Instability in Weber B Ankle Fractures: A Clinical Evaluation. Author: Stark E, Tornetta P 3rd, Creevy WR.J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Oct;21(9):643-6.
   
• Technical Considerations in the Treatment of Syndesmotic Injuries Associated With Ankle Fractures.  Author: Gardner MJ, Graves ML, Higgins TF, et al. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 Aug;23(8):510-8.
   
• Tricortical Versus Quadricortical Syndesmosis Fixation in Ankle Fractures.  Author: Per Høiness, MD,* and Knut Strømsøe, MD, PhD Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 18, No. 6, July 2004 
   
• No Difference in Functional and Radiographic Results 8.4 Years After Quadricortical Compared with Tricortical Syndesmosis Fixation in Ankle Fractures.  Author: Wilkeroy AK, Hoiness PR, Andreassen GS, Hellund JC, Madsen JE.  J Orthop Trauma 2010;24(1):17-23. 
   
• The Functional Consequence of Syndesmotic Joint Malreduction at a Minimum 2-year Follow-up.  Author: Sagi HC, Shah AR, Sanders RW.J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(7):439-443.
   
• Does Syndesmotic Injury Have a Negative Effect on Functional Outcome? A Multicenter Prospective Evaluation.  Author: Litrenta J, Saper D, Tornetta P 3rd, Phieffer L, Jones C, Mullis B, Egol K, Collinge C, Leighton R, Ertl W, Ricci W, Teague D, Ertl JP.  J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Jan 29
   

ANKLE SPRAINS

• Treatment of Acute Ankle Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review.  Author: Petersen W, Rembitzki IV, Koppenburg AG, Ellermann A, Liebau C, Brüggemann GP, Best R.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013 Aug;133(8):1129-41.
   
• Mechanical Supports for Acute, Severe Ankle Sprain: A Pragmatic, Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial. Author: Lamb SE1, Marsh JL, Hutton JL, Nakash R, Cooke MW; Collaborative Ankle Support Trial (CAST Group). Lancet 2009 Feb 14;373(9663):575-81.
   
• Elastic Stockings or Tubigrip for Ankle Sprain: A Randomised Clinical Trial.
  Author: Sultan MJ, McKeown A, McLaughlin I, Kurdy N, McCollum CN.  Injury. 2012 Jul;43(7):1079-83.